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An American-brokered peace deal between Ukraine and Russia is becoming more unlikely by the day.

U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio and President Donald Trump’s special envoy Steve Witkoff bailed on a major meeting Wednesday in London set up to bring about peace in Eastern Europe. This happened after Ukraine had just rejected a U.S. proposal for a deal that recognizes Russia’s 2014 annexation of Crimea. “Ukraine will not legally recognize the occupation of Crimea,” Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky said Tuesday. “There’s nothing to talk about here. This is against our constitution.”

The White House has grown increasingly frustrated as efforts to end the war “on Day 1,” as candidate Trump repeatedly vowed, have advanced into the third month with little promise on the horizon. During an interview with NBC News in March, Trump said he was “pissed off” at Russian President Vladimir Putin and threatened to level secondary tariffs against Russia. The Kremlin refused to ink a U.S.-brokered, 30-day full ceasefire agreement that Ukraine had agreed to. Witkoff’s three visits to Russia have only yielded a 30-day ceasefire on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure and a partial ceasefire in the Black Sea. And now, it seems like the Americans are ready to walk away.

Negotiations at a Crossroads

Echoing earlier comments from Rubio and Trump, Vice President J.D. Vance said on Wednesday that negotiations are coming to a crossroads. Talking to reporters during a visit to Agra, India, Vance said, “We’ve issued a very explicit proposal to both the Russians and the Ukrainians, and it’s time for them to either say yes or for the United States to walk away from this process.” During his time as an Ohio senator, Vance was among the few Republicans opposed to Ukraine aide. He is also on record admitting Ukraine’s fate is of little concern to him. During an interview with Steve Bannon just days before Russia invaded in 2022, Vance told the one-time Trump advisor, “I don’t really care what happens to Ukraine, one way or the other. We did not serve in the Marine Corps to go and fight Vladimir Putin because he didn’t believe in transgender rights.”

Trump told reporters on Friday that if the two sides don’t come to terms “soon,” the United States is “going to take a pass.” Rubio said, the same day, “We’re not going to continue to fly all over the world and do meeting after meeting after meeting if no progress is being made. We’re going to move on to other topics that are equally if not more important in some ways to the United States.”

Russian Demands

Among Russia’s demands for a peace deal are recognition of its “new borders.” In addition to Crimea, Russia already occupies the eastern border regions of Ukraine. There’s no indication Putin has any plans to relinquish territory that cost his army three years and hundreds of thousands of soldiers to capture. And given that the two nations have been embroiled in intense fighting all this time, short of intervention from other nations, there is little chance of Ukraine gaining that territory back. In fact, it seems the longer the war continues, the more advances Russia makes. Ukraine has been wholly dependent on arms and technology from Western nations the entirety of the war. It has also been experiencing a significant manpower problem for quite some time now.

The NATO Issue

U.S. officials have also agreed Ukraine should be kept out of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), aligning with a key Russian demand. Ukraine’s Parliament passed legislation in 2019 to codify the pursuit of NATO membership, a main trigger of Russian aggression. While Western mainstream media has insisted Russia’s invasion was completely unprovoked, Russia has been complaining about NATO’s eastward expansion for decades. It views NATO as a hostile alliance. None other than U.S. diplomat George Kennan, who authored the U.S. policy of containment of the Soviet Union back in 1947, warned that NATO expansion would trigger a violent Russian reaction. In 1997, Kennan said that “expanding NATO would be the most fateful error of American foreign policy in the entire post-Cold War era.”

Kennan wrote in a February 5, 1997, New York Times op-ed that in 1996 Western leaders decided “somehow and somewhere” to expand NATO up to Russia’s borders. He said this would be a terrible foreign policy move:

The view, bluntly stated, is that expanding NATO would be the most fateful error of American policy in the entire post-cold-war era.… [Russia] would, of course, have no choice but to accept expansion as a military fait accompli. But they would continue to regard it as a rebuff by the West and would likely look elsewhere for guarantees of a secure and hopeful future for themselves.

Given that Kennan predicted the 2022 invasion, it could also be argued that Russia’s more recent chumminess with China and Iran prove him correct on his latter point.

Proxy War

On March 29, The New York Times admitted the conflict in Eastern Europe has been a proxy war between the U.S. and Russia all along. While it naively assumes America’s role in Ukraine’s military operations was “hidden,” it confirms that the United States supplied the intelligence, strategies, technology, and weaponry — $66.5 billion worth of it. As far as intelligence, military intel and the CIA drew up the plans.

The Times article was approved (and possibly commissioned) by the Pentagon with what the Times dubs “remarkable transparency.” Nevertheless, for whatever reason, it confirms that the United States “was the backbone of Ukrainian military operations,” which it claims have led to the death of 700,000 Russians and 435,000 Ukrainians. Casualty numbers vary depending on who’s reporting them. In February, Zelensky reported a ridiculously unbelievable casualty toll of 46,000. Independent journalists and commentators report roughly one million casualties for the Ukrainians, and a few hundred thousand for the Russians. The Russians, for their part, haven’t since 2022 even tried to broadcast casualty propaganda.

In the Times article, the Pentagon brags about how it continuously tracked and targeted “one of Russia’s most-feared battle groups, the 58th Combined Arms Army.” Perhaps this was an attempt by higher-ups in the U.S. military complex to so embarrass Russia’s leadership in front of the whole world that they would have no choice but to wage war against the Untied States.

According to the Pentagon, the war was going well until the Ukrainians insisted on making their own decisions:

The Ukrainians sometimes saw the Americans as overbearing and controlling — the prototypical patronizing Americans. The Americans sometimes couldn’t understand why the Ukrainians didn’t simply accept good advice.… As the Ukrainians won greater autonomy in the partnership, they increasingly kept their intentions secret. They were perennially angered that the Americans couldn’t, or wouldn’t, give them all of the weapons and other equipment they wanted. The Americans, in turn, were angered by what they saw as the Ukrainians’ unreasonable demands.

Strikingly, the Pentagon was aware the entire time that U.S. involvement risked nuclear escalation, yet it kept on. Trump, for his part, has cited the possibility of nuclear breakout as a key reason for the United States to pull back and attempt to broker peace.

Read the Whole Article

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It’s been three months since Vice President Vance cast the tie-breaking vote to confirm Pete Hegseth as Defense secretary.  The Deep State worked hard to scuttle Hegseth’s nomination in December and January with a steady drip of news stories calling his character into question, but President Trump and his trusted veep stood by their man and applied enough pressure on wayward Republican senators to secure his confirmation.  Suddenly, corporate propagandists posing as reporters are back with fresh stories meant to undermine Secretary Hegseth and get him fired from the Pentagon’s top post.

It’s almost as if the Deep State tabled its sabotage campaign for a neat ninety days.  Do you think there’s a section in some clandestine handbook on the dark arts of information warfare that recommends a three-month cooling-off period before ramping up operations against a given target?  Our domestic spooks have gotten so tiresomely predictable!

Make no mistake: The silly attempts to create a public “narrative” that Secretary Hegseth threatens national security are part of the same Intelligence Community operation that targeted him last winter.  It’s quite revealing how desperate the Deep State is to keep “outsiders” away from the levers of power, isn’t it?

If the CIA and its Establishment co-conspirators don’t “own” you, they don’t want you around sticking your nose in their business.  And it is big business!  They’ve got elections to rig (foreign and domestic!), governments to topple (for the right price), and trillions of dollars in war funding to spend!  They can’t let the president of the United States and his secretary of Defense get in their way!  Don’t Trump and Hegseth understand that they’re just here for cute photo ops while the permanently installed shadow government runs the global show?  Heck, Defense secretary Lloyd Austin disappeared for days at a time, and nobody even noticed!  The same information warfare specialists who continue to call Hegseth a “drunk” never said anything about Austin performing his duties while under sedation!

C’est la vie.  MAGA Americans are well versed in the Deep State’s double-standards.  If you burn down cities and loot stores in the name of “social justice,” the mockingbird media chirp about civil rights and the “summer of love.”  If you show up in D.C. to protest election fraud, the same mockingbird media call you an “insurrectionist” and deny that you have any civil rights at all!  Because Hegseth’s not part of the Deep State team, he gets the Orange Man Bad treatment from the press.  Since the Gestapo-FBI effectively acts as a pimp for Politico and The New York Times, the presstitutes who work those rags’ street corners get slapped around when they don’t do the Intelligence Community’s bidding.  In the corporate news world, that’s just life!

So after a ninety-day hiatus in the information war against Secretary Hegseth, the I.C.’s “journalistic” brothel is back to its old tricks.  Despite vigorous denials from the White House, NPR is pumping out the following headline on car displays: “White House looking to replace Pete Hegseth at Defense.”  Talk about modern “journalism” in a nutshell!  Everybody at the White House says this story is bunk.  President Trump says it’s horse pucky.  Undaunted by overwhelming testimonial evidence to the contrary, NPR insists that some anonymous government official has assured its bordello of scribes that Trump is planning to fire Hegseth, even though the president is publicly saying the exact opposite!  Could this unnamed “official” perhaps be related to the tubby Tweedle-Vindmans, a diminutive Ukrainian president, or some cash-strapped Nigerian prince?  Holy moly, President Trump can’t defund fake-news NPR soon enough!

Last winter, when the Deep State’s “Operation: Sink Hegseth” was in full force, corporate news presstitutes nearly succeeded in giving RINO squishes enough cover to vote against his nomination.  Celebrity “journalists” — whose profession remains a notorious breeding ground for alcoholism and sexual harassment — did their best to slander Pete Hegseth as a drunken womanizer and “Me Too” villain.  Like monkeys flinging poo at the public, the nation’s trashiest gossip rags created a scene almost ugly enough to distract from Senate Republicans’ premeditated betrayal.

Read the Whole Article

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“We are fast approaching the stage of the ultimate inversion: the stage where the government is free to do anything it pleases, while the citizens may act only by permission; which is the stage of the darkest periods of human history, the stage of rule by brute force.” — Ayn Rand

130 executive orders in under 100 days.

Sweeping powers claimed in the name of “security” and “efficiency.”

One president acting as lawmaker, enforcer, and judge.

No debate. No oversight. No limits.

This is how the Constitution dies—not with a coup, but with a pen.

The Unitary Executive Theory is no longer a theory—it’s the architecture of a dictatorship in motion.

Where past presidents have used executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements to circumvent Congress or sidestep the rule of law, President Trump is using executive orders to advance his “unitary executive theory” of governance, which is a thinly disguised excuse for a government by fiat.

In other words, these executive orders are the mechanism by which we finally arrive at a full-blown dictatorship.

America’s founders established a system of checks and balances to prevent the concentration of power in any single branch. To this end, the Constitution establishes three separate but equal branches of government: the legislative branch, which makes the law; the executive branch, which enforces the law; and the judicial branch, which interprets the law.

And yet, despite this carefully balanced structure, we now find ourselves in a place the founders warned against.

Despite Trump’s attempts to rule by fiat, the president has no unilateral authority to operate outside the Constitution’s system of checks and balances—no matter how urgent the crisis or how well-meaning the intentions.

This is what government by fiat looks like.

Where Congress was once the nation’s lawmaking body, its role is now being eclipsed by a deluge of executive directives—each one issued without public debate, legislative compromise, or judicial review.

These executive orders aren’t mere administrative housekeeping. They represent a radical shift in how power is exercised in America, bypassing democratic institutions in favor of unilateral command. From trade and immigration to surveillance, speech regulation, and policing, the president is claiming broad powers that traditionally reside with the legislative and judicial branches.

Some orders invoke national security to disrupt global markets. Others attempt to override congressional control over tariffs, fast-track weapons exports, or alter long-standing public protections through regulatory rollbacks. A few go even further—flirting with ideological loyalty tests for citizenship, chilling dissent through financial coercion, and expanding surveillance in ways that undermine due process and privacy.

Yet here’s where these actions run into constitutional peril: they redefine executive authority in ways that bypass the checks and balances enshrined in the Constitution. They centralize decision-making in the White House, sideline the legislative process, and reduce the judiciary to an afterthought—if not an outright obstacle.

Each of these directives, taken individually, might seem technocratic or temporary. But taken together, they reveal the architecture of a parallel legal order—one in which the president acts as lawmaker, enforcer, and judge. That is not how a constitutional republic operates. That is how a dictatorship begins.

Each of these orders marks another breach in the constitutional levee, eroding the rule of law and centralizing unchecked authority in the executive.

This is not merely policy by another name—it is the construction of a parallel legal order, where the president acts as lawmaker, enforcer, and judge—the very state of tyranny our founders sought to prevent.

This legal theory—the so-called Unitary Executive—is not new. But under this administration, it has metastasized into something far more dangerous: a doctrine of presidential infallibility.

What began as a constitutional interpretation that the president controls the executive branch has morphed into an ideological justification for unchecked power.

Under this theory, all executive agencies, decisions, and even enforcement priorities bend entirely to the will of the president—obliterating the idea of an independent bureaucracy or impartial governance.

The result? An imperial presidency cloaked in legalism.

Historically, every creeping dictatorship has followed this pattern: first, undermine the legislative process; then, centralize enforcement powers; finally, subjugate the judiciary or render it irrelevant. America is following that roadmap, one executive order at a time.

Even Supreme Court justices and legal scholars who once defended broad executive authority are beginning to voice concern.

Yet the real danger of the Unitary Executive Theory is not simply that it concentrates power in the hands of the president—it’s that it does so by ignoring the rest of the Constitution.

Respect for the Constitution means obeying it even when it’s inconvenient to do so.

We’re watching the collapse of constitutional constraints not through tanks in the streets, but through policy memos drafted in the West Wing.

No matter how well-meaning the politicians make these encroachments on our rights appear, in the right (or wrong) hands, benevolent plans can easily be put to malevolent purposes. Even the most principled policies can be twisted to serve illegitimate ends once power and profit enter the equation.

The war on terror, the war on drugs, the war on illegal immigration, asset forfeiture schemes, road safety schemes, school safety schemes, eminent domain: all of these programs started out as legitimate responses to pressing concerns and have since become weapons of compliance and control in the police state’s hands.

We are approaching critical mass.

The groundwork has been laid for a new kind of government where it doesn’t matter if you’re innocent or guilty, whether you’re a threat to the nation, or even if you’re a citizen.

What will matter is what the government—or whoever happens to be calling the shots at the time—thinks. And if the powers-that-be think you’re a threat to the nation and should be locked up, then you’ll be locked up with no access to the protections our Constitution provides.

In effect, you will disappear.

Our freedoms are already being made to disappear.

This is how tyranny arrives: not with a constitutional amendment, but with a series of executive orders; not with a military coup, but with a legal memo; not with martial law, but with bureaucratic obedience and public indifference.

A government that rules by fiat, outside of constitutional checks and balances, is not a republic. It is a dictatorship in everything but name.

If freedom is to survive this constitutional crisis, We the People must reclaim our role as the ultimate check on government power.

That means holding every branch of government accountable to the rule of law. It means demanding that Congress do its job—not merely as a rubber stamp or partisan enabler, but as a coequal branch with the courage to rein in executive abuses.

It means insisting that the courts serve justice, not politics.

And it means refusing to normalize rule by decree, no matter who sits in the Oval Office.

There is no freedom without limits on power.

There is no Constitution if it can be ignored by those who swear to uphold it.

The presidency was never meant to be a throne. The Constitution was never meant to be optional. And the people were never meant to be silent.

As I make clear in my book Battlefield America: The War on the American People and in its fictional counterpart The Erik Blair Diaries, the time to speak out is now.

As our revolutionary forefathers learned the hard way, once freedom is lost, it is rarely regained without a fight.

This originally appeared on The Rutherford Institute.

The post How a President Becomes a Dictator: By Executive Order appeared first on LewRockwell.

NBC just reported that high level talks in London to end the war in Ukraine foundered when Zelensky proclaimed he would never agree to a deal in which the U.S. officially recognized the Crimea as Russian territory.

Zelenskyy has consistently rejected the suggestion that his country give up its claim to the Crimean Peninsula.

“There’s nothing to talk about here,” he said at a media conference Tuesday. “This is against our constitution.”

A brief review of history reveals there is little historical basis for Zelensky’s claim. Demanding that Russia give up Crimea—home of its Sevastopol Naval Base since 1783—resembles the demand that the U.S. return the Hawaiian Islands (including its Pearl Harbor Naval Station) to an independent Hawaiian state.

After American agents deposed the Hawaiian monarch in 1893, the U.S. government annexed Hawaii in 1898—at the same time it snatched Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines from Spain.

In 1954, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet transferred administration of Crimea to the Ukrainian Oblast of the Soviet Union. This was, at the time, the equivalent of the United States government ceding territory that was part of Texas (annexed in 1845) to the U.S. territory of Colorado (annexed from Mexico when the U.S. won the Mexican-American War in 1848).

The following is a brief timeline of Crimean history.

1441-1783: Territory of the Crimean Khanate, a Crimean Tatar state that ran a slave trade, abducting Europeans and selling them in Ottoman slave markets.

1783-1917: Territory of Imperial Russia. The peninsula was annexed by Russia under Catharine the Great and became home to Russia’s Black Sea Fleet at the Sevastopol Naval Base.

1853-56: Crimean War: Russia lost the war against Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire. Russia retained control of the peninsula but was forced to end operations of its Black Sea Fleet. The peninsula continued to be inhabited by a Russian majority, with some Tatars, Ukrainians, and a small number of Germans and Jews.

1877-78: Russo-Turkish War. Russia won the war and reconstituted its Black Sea Fleet.

1905: Russian Revolution. Crew of Battleship Potemkin mutinied against the Russian Imperial officers. The revolution was suppressed.

1914-1917: World War I: Ottoman and German naval vessels skirmished with Russian vessels that were part of the Black Sea Fleet.

1917-1922: Russian Civil War.

1922-1991: Territory of Soviet Union.

1991-2014: Territory of Ukraine, which leased the Sevastopol Naval Base to Russia.

2014-2025: Unrecognized territory of Russia.

Note that the United States never had a dog in any of the above fights until 1917, when it entered World War I on the side of the Russians. The U.S. again entered war on the side of the Soviet Union in 1941. Hostilities between the U.S. and Russia over Crimea only really began when the U.S. DoD and CIA began meddling in Ukraine during the 2005-2014 period.

The American people have never had any interest in which of Europe’s ever-quarreling powers controls the Crimean peninsula.

Zelensky may well choose to fight “until the last cartridge” over Crimea. However, it seems to me that President Trump should now tell him he can do so without U.S. military assistance.

This originally appeared on Courageous Discourse.

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Yesterday the White House released an executive order called “Restoring Equality of Opportunity and Meritocracy,” taking aim at the inane and destructive “disparate impact” policy.

According to this policy, if any employment requirement has a “disparate impact” on the races, the employer can be hauled into court and forced to defend the requirement — easier said than done.

That includes requiring that applicants pass a test (even an excruciatingly simple test), or hold a high school diploma, or not have dishonorable military discharges. If the net result of such requirements is a disproportionate percentage of white people qualifying, the Justice Department can leap into action.

Rather than have their lives and businesses destroyed, employers generally just do what the regime wants and engage in race-based hiring.

Even if all sides concede that no discriminatory intent existed, the employer can still be punished.

According to the Order, disparate impact

holds that a near insurmountable presumption of unlawful discrimination exists where there are any differences in outcomes in certain circumstances among different races, sexes, or similar groups, even if there is no facially discriminatory policy or practice or discriminatory intent involved, and even if everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed. Disparate-impact liability all but requires individuals and businesses to consider race and engage in racial balancing to avoid potentially crippling legal liability.

And then further:

On a practical level, disparate-impact liability has hindered businesses from making hiring and other employment decisions based on merit and skill, their needs, or the needs of their customers because of the specter that such a process might lead to disparate outcomes, and thus disparate-impact lawsuits. This has made it difficult, and in some cases impossible, for employers to use bona fide job-oriented evaluations when recruiting, which prevents job seekers from being paired with jobs to which their skills are most suited — in other words, it deprives them of opportunities for success. Because of disparate-impact liability, employers cannot act in the best interests of the job applicant, the employer, and the American public.

An accompanying Fact Sheet summarizes the practical effects of the order:

• It directs all agencies to deprioritize enforcement of statutes and regulations that include disparate-impact liability.
• The Order instructs the Attorney General to repeal or amend all Title VI (racial nondiscrimination) regulations that contemplate disparate-impact liability.
• It directs the administration to assess all pending investigations, lawsuits, and consent judgements that rely on a theory of disparate-impact liability, and take appropriate action.

This should have been done a long time ago. I have no further comment beyond that.

Never pay for a book again: TomsFreeBooks.com

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“Peace is the most powerful weapon for mankind.”—Mahatma Gandhi

Peace is an economic driver for every country, for the world and even more so in a globalized world, where countries and regions are connected. Conflicts and wars interrupt not only supply chains, harming also economies that have nothing directly to do with the conflict, but they destroy countries physically and economically.

From 2020 until recently, Covid was a bio-war. Applied measures and dictates wiped out entire economies and left countries, especially the poorer ones, at the bottom, with unheard-of numbers of bankruptcies and resulting astronomical numbers of unemployment and extreme poverty, leading to many other diseases than Covid – and for many to death.

A WHO study puts the economic loss at 1% of world GDP (US$ 110 trillion in 2024), i.e., about US$ 1.1 trillion. Another study, assessing the value of lives lost which is only partially addressing the economy, puts the figure at US$ 4.4 trillion – see this.

In reality, the economic losses due to Covid and imposed subsidiary measures from 2020 up to the end 2024 may easily be estimated in tens if not hundreds of trillions of dollars.

Assets were wiped out and their real values transferred from the bottom to the top which worldwide statistics prove without a shadow of a doubt: Poverty for the lower half of the population increased drastically, while the riches of the multi-multi billionaires duplicated manifold in the same period.

To be sure, the economic impact of Covid and the ensuing coerced vaccination campaign is not finished yet. Covid clearly was a war, a new kind of bio-war (soon to come molecular wars), killing and disabling silently, without shots, bombs, and explosions.

Economic health and prosperity are questions of peace. And peace is often a matter of diplomacy. Over the last 30 years or so, diplomacy has gradually vanished and today is practically non-existent, especially in the West. Foreign Ministries, Ambassadors and other diplomats should have the capacity of talking with conflicting partners, of shaking hands with them, of listening and using their professional skills to mediate. This, ideally before a war breaks out, and at the latest, when a conflict has started to bring it to a halt.

This capacity is gone. Just look at the European Union. To bring the Ukraine war to an end, instead of going to Russia or inviting the Kremlin to Brussels for peace talks, Ms. Von der Leyen, the unelected EU President, as well as the EU’s authority for external relations, are on belligerent footing, promising 800 billion euros to a trillion war-budget to confront Russia by 2030, if not earlier. Germany does the same.

This is sheer economic suicide.

The German and European economies in general are on a free-fall and these resources could be used to for productive and infrastructure investments, instead of destruction.

Diplomacy is also missing in the US. Big-mouthing about “we are the best and greatest… like never before seen in history”(Trump), does not help diplomacy a bit. President Trump promised peace on day one of his presidency. Even if it was meant symbolically only, it is meaningless. Under Trump, Washington has sent and committed tens of billions-worth of weaponry to Israel, to continue the genocide of Palestinians in Gaza, in the West Bank and for taking over Lebanon, Syria and who knows how far they will go to attack Iran.

In the Ukraine-Russian conflict, so-called US diplomats are shuttling from Moscow to Kiev, to the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, soon Qatar), while Washington keeps promising – and supplying the Zelenskyy regime with billions-worth of weaponry. A clear encouragement to break ceasefires, something Kiev has been doing numerous times from the very beginning of these recent ceasefires, including the one initiated for Easter by President Putin.

So, the killing will not die.

Where is diplomacy?

In the olden days, Switzerland was known and famous for her diplomatic services, for mediating between conflicting countries. Switzerland’s neutrality was engrained in the Swiss DNA. Neutrality is the “raison d’être” for Switzerland.

A neutral Switzerland for Good Services; that is diplomacy at its best, what Swiss tradition has carved out for the Swiss Confederates for almost 400 years.

Swiss neutrality dates to 1515 when Switzerland was defeated at the Battle of Marignano and to the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648, which drew a line under the Thirty Years’ War. Swiss neutrality was, however, only formally recognized by the international community in 1815, at the Congress of Vienna.

As a neutral state, Switzerland does not take part in external armed conflicts, provides no armed assistance, and is not a member of any military alliances. In 1907, Switzerland formalized this position with the signing of the Hague Convention governing the rights and obligations of neutral states in the event of war. Therefore: No to NATO.

But neutrality was never enshrined in the Swiss Constitution. The Swiss Federal Constitution, Article 2 states that Switzerland “shall pursue a policy of peace and non-intervention.” This comes close to neutrality, but not quite.

This may be the legal grounds, why in the last 20 years or so Swiss neutrality has been “softened” – mostly for economic reasons, financial greed and for politically “doing the right thing,” being in tune with the EU, and those who give the EU orders, Washington. For example, one of the big “not-to-dos” for a neutral country, is taking over the US and EU sanctions against Russia, or any country for that matter.

This has unfortunately happened over the past years. Every time the two regional blocks, Washington and Brussels, issued new sanctions against Russia, Switzerland went along.

When Switzerland offered her good services to mediate the Russia-Ukraine conflict, Russia’s Foreign Minister Lavrov said in no uncertain words – NO, Switzerland is no longer neutral, no longer credible as a neutral mediator. So, peace talks were held in Saudi Arabia instead of Geneva. Now the traditional Swiss role of neutrality to mediate conflicts, are taken over by Riyadh, Istanbul, Doha – and who else is next?

The Swiss weapon industry is not significant compared with the rest of the world, but significant enough for the greed of its shareholders to benefit from the lucrativeness of wars. Therefore, Switzerland is moving ever closer to NATO – the worldwide war machine.

This must be reversed and it may. A people’s referendum for Swiss neutrality is pending and may be voted on in early 2026. If accepted by the people, Swiss neutrality will be enshrined in the Swiss Constitution.

The resolution of conflicts is essential for a well running economy, worldwide, as well as regionally and all the way down to the sovereign local-national levels. Peace economics, be it in Switzerland or other countries that do not just profess neutrality but also practice it, like Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, not least China, and to some extent India, and certainly others, are benefitting from their political position. Their economic performance over the last few years with a GDP growth from between 5% and 7% is testimony for neutrality and peace leading to economic prosperity.

The BRICS are not quite there yet, but one of their stated objectives is being neutral in world affairs. With ever-more BRICS associates a growing network of peace-loving and peace-promoting nations is emerging.

The future lies in neutrality by which, We, the People, will win peace.

The original source of this article is Global Research.

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As the cardinals gather in conclave, one of the questions on our minds is how the global Church can grow in unity. Francis’ pontificate aggravated deep differences between tradition and progress, between the developed world and the global south, and between continuity and innovation.

In addition to the turmoil in the Church, the complexities of the 21st century have thrown us into a whirlwind of unprecedented technological change, bringing about upheavals in our understanding of the human person and conflicts in politics, economics, education, and health care. In the midst of the maelstrom and the shifting sands, where does one find the rock on which to build?

Can the Catholic Church still offer that rock? I believe a pope from Africa can lead the way, and here’s why:

Youthful Zeal

First, the Church in Africa is young and strong. There are over 230 million African Catholics—representing nearly one-fifth of the global Catholic population; and this powerhouse of faith is young. Africa has a median age of just 19.7 years. Unlike Europe and North America, where aging congregations and declining church attendance signal a crisis of faith, African churches are filled with young, enthusiastic worshippers.

In Nigeria, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Catholic churches are bursting with energy. They have vibrant liturgies, packed seminaries, and a growing number of vocations to the priesthood and religious life. Nigeria alone has over 30 million Catholics and produces thousands of priests annually.

This youthful vigor is spiritual as well as numerical. African Catholics bring an infectious enthusiasm to their faith, characterized by lively worship, deep devotion to the sacraments, and a strong sense of community. An African pope, emerging from this dynamic context, would embody this energy, offering a vision of hope and renewal to a global Church grappling with secularism and apathy.

Perseverance in Persecution

Across the continent, particularly in northern Nigeria, Somalia, and parts of the Sahel, Catholics face relentless persecution from Muslim extremists. Groups like Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab have targeted Christian communities, burning churches, kidnapping priests, and massacring worshippers. In 2023 alone, thousands of Christians were killed in Nigeria, and countless others were displaced. Yet, in the face of such violence, African Catholics have shown extraordinary courage, refusing to renounce their faith even under threat of death.

African Catholics today are modern-day martyrs, their faith strengthened by sacrifice and suffering. An African pope, shaped by this context, would bring a prophetic voice to the global stage, reminding the Church of the cost of discipleship and the power of unwavering faith. Such leadership would galvanize Catholics worldwide to stand firm in their beliefs, even in the face of cultural or ideological pressures.

A Radical Christianity

In my book Beheading Hydra: A Radical Plan for Christians in an Atheistic Age, I outline three historical responses to attacks on the Christian Faith: repression, accommodation, and radical Christianity. Repression of the enemies of the Faith only makes martyrs of them and drives them underground to reemerge in a later age much stronger. Accommodation—seeking to find common ground and dialogue with the enemies of the Church—weakens the Church and waters down her witness.

Radical Christianity is simply a return to the roots—not a return to some fantasy neverland of tradition or some sort of obnoxious, self-righteous extremism, but a simple return to the foundation of the Faith. Radical Christianity does not argue with, repress, or accommodate the enemies of the Faith. It simply lives out the power of the Resurrection in the dynamism of the Holy Spirit. Our Western Church, so cluttered with indifferentism, materialism, and ennui, needs a red-blooded return to radical religion—a faith lived out with the simplicity, power and depth we sense in the pages of the New Testament itself.

Uncluttered Christianity

Not only is the African Church huge, young, and strong, but there is a deeper philosophical reason why an African pope is the medicine we need. The European Church (and I include the Catholic Church of North and South America because we are children of Europe) has been shaped by five hundred years of theological, philosophical, and cultural turmoil.

The ideas of the Protestant Revolution, the Enlightenment, the Scientific Revolution, Liberalism, Modernism, and Postmodernism have infected our mindset, contaminated our theology, and corrupted our culture. African Catholics (for the most part) approach Christianity with a freshness untainted by these struggles. Many African converts come directly from traditional tribal religions, bringing a worldview that resonates deeply with the incarnational and supernatural nature of Catholicism.

This is not to say that the African cardinals are uneducated, backwoods rubes. They are as educationally accomplished as their Western counterparts (Cardinal Sarah, for example, is a world-class biblical scholar), but they have come to that education unburdened by the intellectual biases and presuppositions that shadow their Western colleagues.

As a result, African Catholicism is marked by a purity and simplicity that recalls the early Church—before it was layered with complex theological disputes, infected with modern philosophical doubt, and corrupted by the assumptions of cultural and political ideologies.

African Catholics embrace the supernatural with a natural ease that contrasts with the skepticism of the secular West. Miracles, divine providence, and the reality of spiritual warfare are not abstract concepts but lived experiences. This radical faith—radical in the sense of returning to the roots of Christianity—offers a powerful antidote to the spiritual malaise afflicting parts of the global Church. An African pope, steeped in this worldview, could lead the Church back to its foundational truths, emphasizing the joy of the Gospel and the transformative power of Christ.

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Writes Gail Appel:

 Here’s where the plot thickens. The Ukrainian POS government blamed on Russia. It wasn’t Russia, it was Ukraine. Aside from being rife with Nazis, this was another stunt created by the government to tar Russia. Thing is, Russia never celebrated the Holocaust. They may not have been good to the Jews, but there were a whole lot of Jews who were loyal to the Soviets. And Russia to this day has a large Jewish population. Particularly very religious Jews, and they practice freely and are culturally Russian. They’re happy in Russia under Putin. And Putin doesn’t have Burka clad Islamist Jihadists protesting in the streets screaming Death To Russia, Death To The Jews, Death To Christians Allahu Akbar! They’re banned. And so is Soros.

F*ck Ukraine! They’re the ones killing ethnic Russians in Mariupol and Donetsk. They blew up the pipelines.

See here.

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Dallas ’63: A Brilliant Synthesis Regarding the November 22, 1963 Coup d’état, by Charles Burris

Once again, the intrepid Peter Dale Scott takes us into that claustrophobic wilderness of mirrors where the criminal underworld meets the establishment upperworld in the sub-rosa labyrinth of the Deep State. Scott is the premier synthesizer unearthing all the various seemingly unconnected strands of hard documentary factual evidence and counterfactual hypothesizing concerning the November 22, 1963, coup d’état.

He begins by addressing head-on the seminal question of “Who was Lee Harvey Oswald?” in a brilliantly sketched portrait we have not seen before. The intelligence services (especially the CIA’s chief of counterintelligence James Jesus Angleton – Associate Deputy Director of Operations for Counterintelligence (ADDOCI) suspected a Soviet mole had penetrated the dank bowels of the Deep State and obtained highly secret information concerning the U-2 spy plane. Soon an elaborate multilayered mole hunt began.

Abroad, the CIA/State Department “dangled” Oswald as a US Marine radar operator “defector” to the Soviets, while in the US they compiled a byzantine, contradictory and ever-shifting documentary “legend” of manipulated and altered biographical data concerning Oswald as a trap to snare whom among the various interagency intelligence personnel who accessed his files was the possible mole. Upon his return to the US, Oswald continued his counterintelligence role as agent provocateur, informer, and ultimately as “patsy.”

Mentioned almost in passing was Pyotr Popov, a Soviet military intelligence (GRU) officer who had been passing secrets to the Americans for seven years. In April 1958, Popov had alerted his Soviet Russia Division (SRD) case officer George Kisevalter that clandestine technical information regarding the CIA U-2 spy plane had reached Soviet intelligence via a Soviet mole. Thus began Angelton’s elaborate efforts to discover and out this treacherous mole. We journey deeper within the Wilderness of Mirrors as a young Marine radar operator, Lee Harvey Oswald, soon attempts defection to the USSR, entering the cloistered labyrinth of decades of lies, disinformation, duplicity, and deception regarding this mysterious individual.

That disturbing aspect of the story is fleshed out in John M. Newman’s Countdown to Darkness: The Assassination of President Kennedy, Volume II, and in Peter Dale Scott’s Dallas ’63: The First Deep State Revolt Against the White House. Angelton was in the epicenter of events which led to the November 22, 1963 coup d’état and savage murder of President John F. Kennedy.

As he was dying from lung cancer, the Machiavellian CIA head of Counterintelligence, James Jesus Angleton, provided author Joseph J. Trento (also cited by Morley in his book) this startling candid and diabolic confession:

You know how I got to be in charge of counterintelligence? I agreed not to polygraph or require detailed background checks on Allen Dulles and 60 of his closest friends . . . They were afraid that their own business dealings with Hitler’s pals would come out. They were too arrogant to believe that the Russians would discover it all . . .

Fundamentally, the founding fathers of U.S. intelligence were liars. The better you lied and the more you betrayed, the more likely you would be promoted. These people attracted and promoted each other. Outside of their duplicity, the only thing they had in common was a desire for absolute power. I did things that, in looking back on my life, I regret. But I was part of it and loved being in it . . . Allen Dulles, Richard Helms, Carmel Offiie, and Frank Wisner were the grand masters. If you were in a room with them you were in a room full of people that you had to believe would deservedly end up in hell. I guess I will see them there soon.

In my personal library I have several thousand books, hundreds relating to the covert and overt background concerning the assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. From every chapter, from every page of Dallas ’63, leaps long forgotten names and events from these shelved volumes which Scott has masterfully woven into a head-spinning narrative describing the sinister milieu of intriguers from that period.

This concise volume is unlike any previous work on the subject in its magisterial detail of facts and scrupulous documentation of sources. I highly recommend it to the experienced JFK Assassination research community.

Revisiting the “Legend” of Lee Harvey Oswald

[With the onrush of contradictory information/disinformation being put out concerning the alleged attempted assassin of President Donald Trump, Thomas Matthew Crooks, let us briefly take a look at the “patsy” in the November 22, 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy.]

The “Legend” of Lee Harvey Oswald, by Charles Burris

Because so many of my LRC articles/blogs over the years have focused upon the November 22, 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the insidious coup d’état by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and the highest echelons of the National Security State, many readers have inquired again and again what was my assessment of Lee Harvey Oswald, targeted by the Warren Commission as the sole assassin. I have over 100 books in my personal library on these matters. Here briefly are my thoughts and reflections on this controversial subject.

The “Legend” of Lee Harvey Oswald

Our story begins with Petr Popov. Popov was a Soviet military intelligence (GRU) officer who had been passing secrets to the Americans for seven years. In April 1958, Popov had alerted his Soviet Russia Division (SRD) case officer George Kisevalter that clandestine technical information regarding the CIA U-2 spy plane had reached Soviet intelligence via a Soviet mole. The intelligence services (especially the CIA’s chief of counterintelligence James Jesus Angleton – Associate Deputy Director of Operations for Counterintelligence (ADDOCI) suspected a Soviet mole had penetrated the dank bowels of the deep state and obtained highly secret information concerning the U-2 spy plane.

Thus began Angleton’s elaborate efforts to discover and out this treacherous mole. It will ultimately lead to his downfall within the CIA.

We journey deeper within the Wilderness of Mirrors as a young Marine radar operator, Lee Harvey Oswald, soon attempts defection to the USSR, entering the cloistered labyrinth of decades of lies, disinformation, duplicity, and deception regarding this mysterious individual. That disturbing aspect of the story is fleshed out in John M. Newman’s Countdown to Darkness: The Assassination of President Kennedy, Volume II, and in Peter Dale Scott’s Dallas ’63: The First Deep State Revolt Against the White House.

Angleton was in the epicenter of events which led to the November 22, 1963 coup d’état and savage murder of President John F. Kennedy.

Soon an elaborate multilayered mole hunt began. Abroad, the CIA/State Department “dangled” Oswald as a US Marine radar operator “defector” to the Soviets, while in the US they compiled a byzantine, contradictory and ever-shifting documentary “legend” of manipulated and altered biographical data concerning Oswald as a trap to snare whom among the various inter-agency intelligence personnel who accessed his files was the possible mole.

Upon his return to the US, Oswald continued his counterintelligence role as agent provocateur, informer, and ultimately as “patsy.”

History has recorded Lee Havey Oswald as the “lone nut assassin” of President John Kennedy. But perhaps he is someone substantially different than what “official history” has made of him.

His favorite TV show as a kid was, I Led Three Lives about a double agent for the FBI, Herbert Philbrook, who secretly spies on the Communist Party in the US (I have a signed edition of Philbook’s book by the same name). Oswald was a ninth-grade dropout who joined the Marines in 1956 and became a radar operator with a top security clearance who worked on projects related to the secret U-2 spy planes for the CIA. Oswald was assigned first to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in July 1957, then to Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Japan in September as part of Marine Air Control Squadron 1. He learned to speak Russian while a Marine at a secret CIA/ONI (Office of Naval Intelligence) training base at Nags Head, North Carolina.

Like all Marines, he was trained and tested in shooting and scored 212 in December 1956, slightly above the requirements for the designation of sharpshooter. In May 1959 he scored 191, which reduced his rating to marksman. He was a poor shot.

Oswald obtained a hardship discharge from the Marines allegedly because of his mother’s poor health, left the United States, and tried to defect to the Soviet Union in 1959. The Soviets were immediately suspicious of his intentions believing he was one of many such agents sent to spy on them. He tried to commit suicide. He was then sent to the city of Minsk to work as a lathe operator at the Gorizont Electronics Factory, which produced radios, televisions, and military and space electronics. He was under constant surveillance by the Soviets. Oswald met a young 19 year old girl, Marina Nikolayevna Prusakova, who was the niece of a Soviet intelligence official. Marina thought he was a Russian because he spoke the language like a native Russian. He married Marina and later petitioned the US State Department for permission to return to the United States. It was granted. The State Department loaned them the money to come to the US in 1962. This was quite unusual for the State Department to grant permission to return and loan money to someone who tried to renounce his US citizenship as a “defector.”

Although he was someone who tried to defect to the Soviet Union at the height of the Cold War, he traveled in right-wing, anti-Communist circles of former Russian émigrés. His new best friend was George de Mohrenschildt, a petroleum geologist with international business connections who was a CIA contract agent and colleague of George Herbert Walker Bush.

Oswald held a series of odd jobs.

He moved to New Orleans and became the sole member of the New Orleans chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Oswald ordered the following items from a local printer: 500 application forms, 300 membership cards, and 1,000 leaflets with the heading, “Hands Off Cuba” establishing a paper trail of his pro-Castro activities. He visited anti-Castro militant Carlos Bringuier at a store he owned in New Orleans offering his services as a former Marine. Bringuier was the New Orleans delegate for the anti-Castro organization Directorio Revolucionario Estudantil (DRE). This was a CIA front group.

In 1963 the group was financed by the CIA with $25,000 per month, under a CIA program named AMSPELL run by George Joannides, the chief of the psychological warfare branch in Miami’s JM/WAVE station. The money went to Luis Fernandez Rocha, the DRE’s leader in Miami, and supported the DRE’s activities in a variety of cities, including New Orleans. Joannides also provided non-financial support, including reviewing military plans and briefing them on how to handle the press. Joannides worked with the group from December 1962 to April 1964; CIA monthly reports on the group from 1960 to 1966 have been declassified, except for this period. It was this group which first spread to the media after the assassination disinformation concerning Oswald’s Cuban connections.

In 1978 the CIA summoned Joannides out of retirement to serve as the Agency’s liaison to the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations, in specific regard to the death of President Kennedy. Former Washington Post reporter Jefferson Morley writes “the spy withheld information about his own actions in 1963 from the congressional investigators he was supposed to be assisting. It wasn’t until 2001, 38 years after Kennedy’s death, that Joannides’ support for the Cuban exiles, who clashed with Oswald and monitored him, came to light.”

Bringuier would later tell the Warren Commission that he believed Oswald’s visits were an attempt to infiltrate his group, when they were actually used to establish his “legend” or cover as a Marxist supporter of Cuba.

On August 9, Oswald turned up in downtown New Orleans handing out pro-Castro leaflets. His Fair Play for Cuba leaflets had the address “544 Camp Street” hand-stamped on it. This was actually the address where the anti-Castro, anti-Communist groups were headquartered. Bringuier confronted him claiming he was tipped off about his leafleting by a friend. A well-publicized scuffle ensued and Bringuier, Oswald, and two of Bringuier’s friends were arrested for disturbing the peace. Before leaving the police station, Oswald asked to speak with an FBI agent. Agent John Quigley arrived and spent over an hour talking to him.

Oswald later appeared on New Orleans TV and radio interviews claiming to be a Marxist supporter of Castro and the Cuban regime, further establishing his “legend” or cover identity persona, just as Herbert Philbrick did as a double agent for the FBI in his favorite TV show as a child.

In 1961-62, the New Orleans chapter of the Cuban Revolutionary Council, a CIA front group, occupied an office in the Newman Building at 544 Camp Street. This was the building where anti-Castro activist and accused JFK Assassination conspirator Guy Banister had his office. Banister also had worked in Naval Intelligence and continued his intelligence connections. This was also the address Oswald had stamped on his pro-Castro flyers.

Banister’s office was within walking distance of the New Orleans offices of the FBI, CIA, Office of Naval Intelligence and the Reily Coffee Company where Oswald worked. Reily was Oswald’s employer and a supporter of anti-Castro Cubans. During this period, Banister associate Sergio Arcacha Smith was the “official delegate” for the New Orleans chapter of the CRC.

Banister’s secretary, Delphine Roberts, told author Anthony Summers that Oswald “…seemed to be on familiar terms with Banister and with [Banister’s] office.” Roberts said, “As I understood it, he had the use of an office on the second floor, above the main office where we worked…. Then, several times, Mr. Banister brought me upstairs, and in the office above I saw various writings stuck up on the wall pertaining to Cuba. There were various leaflets up there pertaining to Fair Play for Cuba.”

Later Oswald is going to be accused of shooting at right-wing former Major General Edwin Walker in his home, although both Walker and the Dallas police stated he was shot at with a 30.06 rifle, a firearm Oswald never owned. The Dallas police claimed that the bullet was a 30.06 caliber; the bullet shells from the Texas School Book Depository were 6.5mm. The Walker bullet was too severely deformed to allow a conclusive analysis of its pattern of grooves. A spectrographic examination by Henry Heilberger of the FBI laboratory found that the lead alloy in the bullet was different from that of bullet fragments found in President Kennedy’s car.

Oswald’s wife Marina was the Warren Commission’s chief witness to the alleged shooting at both General Walker and President Kennedy. She later fully renounced her testimony stating it was achieved under duress and threats of sending her back to the Soviet Union to face reprisals.

Although Oswald never spoke of any hostility or dislike towards President John Kennedy he is going to be accused of shooting the most protected man in America.

Oswald is going to be accused of ordering a cheap mail order rifle so there is a paper trail, instead of simply going to a local gun shop in Texas to purchase the rifle incognito. In Texas no identification was needed, and no incriminating paper trail would exist. An incriminating paper trail was created when purchasing a weapon from a different state by mail order. The 6.5×52mm Mannlicher-Carcano ordered from Chicago allegedly by Oswald using the name of “A. Hidel.” The rifle portrayed in the ad and which Oswald allegedly received were not the same.

He is going to be accused of taking pictures of himself with the rifle he is going to use. Then he is going to be accused of shooting the president from the place where he works, the Texas School Book Depository.

The Texas School Book Depository (TSBD) building was owned by D. H. Byrd, co-founder of the Civil Air Patrol (in which Oswald served in as a youngster in New Orleans) and was a strong financial supporter of Lyndon Johnson. After World War II Byrd helped incorporate CAP and have it designated as an Auxiliary of the Air Force, helped initiate the International Air Cadet Exchange, and established or supported cadet scholarships. For his work with the CAP Byrd was awarded the US Air Force’s Air Force Scroll of Appreciation on 24 May 1963. Byrd and fellow Dallas right-wing billionaire H. L. Hunt were personal friends of Air Force Chief of Staff General Curtis Lemay, a rabid Kennedy hater who later flew hundreds of miles to be in the operation room gallery at JFK’s autopsy at Bethesda Naval Hospital on the day he was murdered

D. H. Byrd also employed LBJ’s personal hitman Malcolm Wallace at his defense company LTV. LTV got a big defense contract in January, 1964. Wallace’s fingerprint was found in the sniper’s nest on the Sixth Floor of the Texas School Book Depository (TSBD). Byrd had the so-called “sniper’s window” removed from the TSBD which he kept as a souvenir. Byrd was a big game hunter and had the trophy heads of all sorts of animals in his house. Some persons suspect the TSBD sniper’s window was right next to those mementos.

Oswald was not in that window at the time of the assassination but was downstairs eating lunch. In that window just prior to the assassination was TSBD employee Bonnie Raye Williams eating a chicken bone sandwich.

Oswald is going to be accused of taking off from the TSBD and shooting a cop, Officer J. D. Tippit, and leaving his wallet on the scene so he could be found.

On November 24, 1963, Oswald is going to be shot by Dallas night club owner Jack Ruby in the garage of the Dallas Police headquarters in full view of television cameras broadcasting live to millions and die at Parkland Hospital. Ruby had stalked Oswald at police headquarters all weekend since his arrest.

Jack Ruby had long standing connections to organized crime figures, all the way back when he was a numbers runner for Al Capone’s mob in Chicago while a youth. He later worked for Congressman Richard M. Nixon, at the urging and recommendation of Lyndon Johnson. In the weeks prior to the assassination, Ruby had been in contact with major crime figures from around the country.

While watching Jack Ruby shooting Oswald on Sunday morning on TV, Richard Nixon voiced his recognition of Ruby as the man who once worked for him.

This Oswald/Dallas assassination “plot” is one of several other uncovered such plots.

There were two uncovered in Chicago, one involving a group of Cuban men with high-powered rifles and scopes, and one involving a former Marine Thomas Arthur Vallee who, like Oswald, had served at the Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Japan.

Abraham Bolden, the first African-American Secret Service agent, claimed that in October, 1963, the Chicago Secret Service office received a teletype from the Federal Bureau of Investigation warning that an attempt would be made to kill President John F. Kennedy by a four-man Cuban hit squad when he visited the city on the 2nd of November. Armed with high-powered rifles, the men were from “a dissident Cuban group”. According to investigative journalist Edwin Black, the Secret Service arrested two suspects, however, they were eventually released.

Bolden later discovered that this information was being kept from the Warren Commission. When he complained about this he was warned “to keep his mouth shut”. Bolden decided to travel to Washington where he telephoned Warren Commission Counsel J. Lee Rankin. Bolden was arrested and taken back to Chicago where he was charged with discussing a bribe with two known counterfeiters. He was eventually found guilty of accepting a bribe and spent six years in prison. When he tried to draw attention to his case, he was placed in solitary confinement. Mr. Bolden has steadfastly maintained his innocence, arguing that he was targeted for prosecution in retaliation for exposing unprofessional and racist behavior within the U.S. Secret Service.

Mr. Bolden chronicles his experiences in his book The Echo from Dealy Plaza. He has been recognized through numerous platforms for his ongoing work to speak out against the racism he faced in the Secret Service in the 1960s, and his courage in challenging injustice. In 2022 Bolden received a full pardon from President Joe Biden,

Another plot involved an assassin in Tampa, Florida who was to be situated in a high-rise building while the presidential motorcade passed. The Tampa gunman would have fired from a window of the Floridan Hotel, then the tallest building in the city. (In Dallas, Lee Harvey Oswald was accused of shooting from a window on the sixth floor of a book depository.)

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